Engine of F-35

F-35B's thrust vectoring nozzle and lift fan

 

The engine used on the F-35 is the Pratt & Whitney F135. An alternative engine, the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136, was under development until December 2011 when the manufacturers canceled the project. Neither the F135 or F136 engines are designed to supercruise in the F-35,however the F-35 can achieve a limited supercruise of Mach 1.2 for 150 miles. The F135 is the second (radar) stealthy afterburning jet engine and, like the Pratt & Whitney F119 from which it was derived, has suffered from pressure pulsations in the afterburner at low altitude and high speed or "screech" during development. Turbine bearing health will be monitored with thermoelectric-powered sensors.
The F-35 has a maximum speed of over Mach 1.6. With a maximum takeoff weight of 60,000 lb (27,000 kg), the Lightning II is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters it replaces. In empty and maximum gross weights, it more closely resembles the single-seat, single-engine Republic F-105 Thunderchief, which was the largest single-engine fighter of the Vietnam war era. The F-35's modern engine delivers over 60 percent more thrust in an aircraft of the same weight so that in thrust to weight and wing loading it is much closer to a comparably equipped F-16.
The STOVL F-35B is outfitted with the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, designed by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce. This system more resembles the Russian Yak-141 and German VJ 101D/E than the preceding STOVL Harrier Jump Jet and the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine. The Lift System is composed of a lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts and a "Three Bearing Swivel Module" (3BSM). The 3BSM is a thrust vectoring nozzle which allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at the tail of the aircraft. The lift fan is near the front of the aircraft and provides a counterbalancing thrust using two counter-rotating blisks.It is powered by the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a drive shaft and gearbox. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called Roll Posts.
F136 funding came at the expense of other parts of the program, impacting on unit costs. The F136 team has claimed that their engine has a greater temperature margin which may prove critical for VTOL operations in hot, high altitude conditions.Pratt & Whitney has tested higher thrust versions of the F135, partly in response to GE's claims that the F136 is capable of producing more thrust than the 43,000 lbf (190 kN) of early F135s. The F135 has demonstrated a maximum thrust of over 50,000 lbf (220 kN) during testing;making it the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter aircraft as of 2010.

F-35 lightning 2(Lockheed Martin)

An F-35C Lightning II, marked CF-1, conducts a test flight over the Chesapeake Bay in February 2011
Role	Stealth multirole fighter
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
First flight	15 December 2006
Introduction	December 2015 (USMC F-35B) December 2016 (USAF F-35A) February 2019 (USN F-35C)
Status	In initial production and testing, used for training by U.S.
Primary users	United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Navy Royal Air Force
Produced	2006–present
Number built	63
Unit cost	F-35A: US$153.1 million (flyaway cost, 2013) F-35B: US$196.5M (flyaway cost, 2012)   F-35C: US$199.4M (flyaway cost, 2013)
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole fighters under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability. The F-35 has three main models; the F-35A is a conventional takeoff and landing variant, the F-35B is a short take-off and vertical-landing variant, and the F-35C is a carrier-based variant. The F-35 is descended from the X-35, the product of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. JSF development is being principally funded by the United States. The partner nations are either NATO members or close U.S. allies. It is being designed and built by an aerospace industry team led by Lockheed Martin. The F-35 carried out its first flight on 15 December 2006. The United States originally planned to buy 2,443 aircraft but Pentagon budget cuts could mean the U.S. will purchase as few as 1,200 aircraft. The F-35 variants are intended to provide the bulk of its tactical airpower for the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps and Navy over the coming decades. The United Kingdom, Italy, Israel Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Turkey are part of the development program; Singapore and Japan may also equip their air services with the F-35.	Lockheed Martin X-35

VTOL(vertical take off landing) Technology.

A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can hover, take off, and land vertically. This classification includes fixed-wing aircraft as well as helicopters and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and tiltrotors. Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off and landing), STOL (short take-off and landing), and/or STOVL (short take-off and vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical and/or short take-off and landing).
Besides the ubiquitous helicopter, there are currently two types of VTOL aircraft in military service: craft using a tiltrotor, such as the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, and aircraft using directed jet thrust such as the Harrier family. Generally speaking, VTOL aircraft capable of V/STOL use it wherever possible, since it typically significantly increases takeoff weight, range or payload compared to pure VTOL.
                             

The Harrier Jump Jet, one of the most famous and successful fixed-wing single-engine VTOL aircraft

HISTORY
In 1947, Ryan X-13 Vertijet, a tailsitter design, was ordered by the US Navy, who then further issued a proposal in 1948 for an aircraft capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aboard platforms mounted on the afterdecks of conventional ships. Both Convair and Lockheed competed for the contract but in 1950, the requirement was revised, with a call for a research aircraft capable of eventually evolving into a VTOL ship-based convoy escort fighter.

"Flying Bedstead"- Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig

Another more influential early functional contribution to VTOL was Rolls-Royce's Thrust Measuring Rig ("flying bedstead") of 1953. This led to the first VTOL engines as used in the first British VTOL aircraft, the Short SC.1 (1957) which used 4 vertical lift engines with a horizontal one for forward thrust.

The Short SC.1 a VTOL delta aircraft

The Short SC.1 (Belfast, Northern Ireland) was the first British fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. The SC.1 was designed to study the problems with VTOL flight and the transition to and from forward flight. The SC.1 was designed to meet a Ministry of Supply (MoS) request for tender (ER.143T) for a vertical take-off research aircraft issued in September 1953. The design was accepted by the ministry and a contract was placed for two aircraft (XG900 and XG905) to meet Specification ER.143D dated 15 October 1954. The SC.1 was also equipped with the first "fly-by-wire" control system for a VTOL aircraft. This permitted three modes of control of the aerodynamic surfaces and/or the nozzle controls

Air forces on Soviet Union's VTOL aircraft: the twin-engine Yak-38

The Yakovlev Yak-38 was the Soviet Navy's VTOL aircraft for their light carriers, cargoships, and capital ships. It was developed from the Yakovlev Yak-36 experimental aircraft in the 1970s. Before the Soviet Union broke up, a supersonic VTOL aircraft was developed as the Yak-38's successor, the Yak-141, which never went into production.

A German V/STOL VJ101 on display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany

Do 31 E3 on display at the Deutsches Museum, Germany

In the 1960s and early 1970s, Germany planned three different VTOL aircraft. One used the F-104 as a base for research for a V/STOL aircraft. Although two models (X1 and X2) were built, the project was canceled due to high costs and political problems as well as changed needs in the Luftwaffe and NATO. The EWR VJ 101C did perform free VTOL take-offs and landings, as well as test flights beyond mach 1 in the mid- and late 60s. One of the test-aircraft is preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. The others were the VFW-Fokker VAK 191B light fighter and reconnaissance aircraft, and the Dornier Do 31E-3 (troop) transport.
Aircraft designed to operate in orbital environments often utilize VTOL. An example of this type of aircraft is the LLRV. Spacecraft typically operate in environments where runways or even a suitably flat surface for skids is nonexistent.
The idea of using the same engine for vertical and horizontal flight by altering the path of the thrust led to the Bristol Siddeley Pegasus engine which used rotating ducts to direct thrust over a range of angles. This was developed side by side with an airframe, the Hawker P.1127, which became subsequently the Kestrel and then entered production as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, though the supersonic Hawker Siddeley P.1154 was canceled in 1965. The French in competition with the P.1154 had developed a version of the Dassault Mirage III capable of attaining Mach 1. The Dassault Mirage IIIV achieved transition from vertical to horizontal flight in March 1966, reaching Mach 1.3 in level flight a short time later.

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The Next generation fighter plane CFA-44

The CFA-44 Nosferatu (JPN: CFA-44 ノスフェラトゥ) is an original next-generation fighter that was developed in the Strangereal world, as well as the "real world" of the universe.
Built as a next-generation fighter aircraft, it is compatible with an arsenal of highly advanced combat tools with matching technology and efficient performance. It is also known as the "Fandance" in the "real world", as per NATO naming conventions
The CFA-44 was a next-generation carrier-based fighter developed in the 2000s by the Federal Republic of Estovakia. The history of the plane remains shrouded in mystery, but it is known that its existence was unknown outside the Estovakian military, and that it was equipped with cutting edge combat technology.
The only known Nosferatu built saw combat action in early 2016, near the end of the Emmeria-Estovakia War. In March 31, Strigon leader Ilya Pasternak flew the aircraft while leading his squadron to fight Emmerian forces as the city of Gracemeria fell under their control. Pasternak, knowing that he would die fighting the enemy, ordered his men to turn back and escape before fighting the Emmerians alone.
Backed by a swarm of unmanned combat drones and special missile pods, Pasternak fought with the Emmerian army for several minutes before being fatally damaged by the Garuda Squadron. His plane disabled, the defeated Ilya proclaimed that the Strigon Team had successfully escaped, declaring that "[Estovakia] had won" moments before the Nosferatu exploded, killing him. `

The CFA-44 was developed by the former Soviet Union sometime in the second half of the 20th century. The existence of the aircraft remained unknown to the Western Bloc until reconnaisance imagery spotted one flying near the Romanian Black Sea in the early 1980s.
Initially, the West did not believe it was a vehicle because of its unusual shape, being determined as such only after checking its shadows in nearby clouds. Since no other aircraft was known to have such characteristics at the time, all information pertaining to it remained classified.
Soon after the initial sighting, the Nosferatu was spotted at army bases in Ukraine and Romania. Images of the plane revealed its delta wing design, and two sources of heat were detected by infrared systems. NATO states began to analyze the aircraft and gather information, but assessments of its performance based on images alone did not take place. It was believed that the plane was built by a top design bureau in the USSR, such as Sukhoi or Mikoyan-Gurevich, but the true origins of the aircraft are unknown.
By the time of the Nosferatu's discovery, the West began to assign codenames to Eastern Bloc aircraft. The NATO Air Standardization Coordination Committee (ASCC) gave each plane a simple English word, while the United States Department of Defence assigned codenames according to a certain category (for example, the MiG-29 was called respectively "Fulcrum" or "RAM-L", whereas the Su-27 would be named "Flanker" or "RAM-K"). The CFA-44 was not exempted from this, and was named "Fan dance" by NATO in reference to its shape, while the DoD assigned it its own category and named it "Uni-D" (short for "Unidentified-Delta").

CFA-44 Nosferatu

 

 

Combat service

Later in the decade, the MiG-29 began to be mass produced in 1983, and the Su-27 followed suit in 1985. Shortly after passing the demonstration stage, the Fandance temporarily disappeared from Western eyes. During this time, the United States was developing a radar-invisible stealth aircraft, prompting them to produce faulty blueprints to prevent others from copying the design. The aircraft was unveiled to the world in the late '80s as the "Model-117A", or the F-117A Nighthawk.
In response to the F-117A, the CFA-44 began seeing combat action in various battlefields such as Africa and the Middle East. In this context, the plane gained the attention of the West after combat engagements with American fighters. In one such incident, a downed pilot who faced a Nosferatu described being shot down by "a type of laser weapon", having been hit by the Russian fighter without hearing a single missile alarm. It was also noted that the aircraft tended to intermittently vanish from ground radar.
The public history of the CFA-44 was soon marked by the discovery of a destroyed Fandance found in an African country with relations to the West, along with the remains of its pilot. The wreckage was soon identified as a CFA-44's, becoming the first Fandance in Western hands. Subsequent analysis concluded that the aircraft, which suffered heavy damage, was destroyed in an accident. As well, the investigation revealed important information, such as the existence of a self-destruct mechanism and the use of single crystal engine blades

Reasons behind the BAN on the exports of F-22 RAPTOR JET.

                                                        

The first operational F-22 Raptor is painted at the Lockheed Martin assembly plant at Marietta,

No opportunity for export currently exists because the export sale of the F-22 is barred by American federal law. Current customers for U.S. fighters are either acquiring earlier designs such as the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, and Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, or are waiting to acquire the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter), which contains technology from the F-22 but is designed to be cheaper, more flexible, and available for export.The F-35 will not be as agile as the F-22 or fly as high or as fast, but its radar and avionics will be more advanced. On 27 September 2006, Congress upheld the ban on foreign sales of the F-22; and confirmed this in December 2006.
The Japanese government showed interest in the F-22 for its Replacement-Fighter program. However, a sale would need approval from the Pentagon, State Department and Congress. It was stated that the F-22 would decrease the number of fighters needed by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF), reducing engineering and staffing costs. In August 2009, it was reported that the F-22 would require increases to the military budget beyond the historic 1 percent of GDP. In June 2009, Japanese Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada said Japan still sought the F-22.
Some Australian politicians and defense commentators have proposed that Australia should purchase F-22s instead of the F-35. In 2006, Kim Beazley. leader of the Australian Labor Party supported this proposal on the grounds that the F-22 is a proven, highly capable aircraft, while the F-35 is still under development. However, Australia's Howard government ruled out purchase of the F-22, as its release for export is unlikely, and lacks sufficient ground/maritime strike capacity.The following year, the newly-elected Rudd Government ordered a review of plans to procure the F-35 and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, including an evaluation of the F-22's suitability. The then Defence Minister Joel Fitzgibbon stated: "I intend to pursue American politicians for access to the Raptor". In February 2008, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said he had no objection to F-22 sales to Australia. However the RAAF found that the "F-22 Raptor cannot perform the strike or close air support roles planned for the JSF."

"The IAF would be happy to equip itself with 24 F-22s, but the problem at this time is the U.S. refusal to sell the aircraft, and its $200 million price tag."

Israeli Air Force (IAF) chief procurement officer Brigadier-General Ze'ev Snir.^[59]

Thomas Crimmins of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy speculated in 2009 that the F-22 could be a strong diplomatic tool for Israel, strengthening the capability to strike Iranian nuclear facilities. Crimmins also stated the F-22 may be the only aircraft able to evade Russian S-300 air defense systems, which Russia may sell to Iran. However, Lockheed Martin has stated that the F-35 can handle the S-300, additionally Russia has stated they support and voted for United Nations sanctions on Iran preventing sales of the S-300.
The 2010 defense authorization bill included provisions that required the DoD to prepare a report on the costs and feasibility for an F-22 export variant and another report on the
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Origin of F-22

 

An F-22 during takeoff, at Elmendorf AFB, Anchorage, Alaska

In 1981 the U.S. Air Force developed a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) as a new air superiority fighter to replace the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. This was influenced by the emerging worldwide threats, including development and proliferation of Soviet Su-27 "Flanker"- and MiG-29 "Fulcrum"-class fighter aircraft. It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon including composite materials, lightweight alloys, advanced flight-control systems, more powerful propulsion systems, and stealth technology. A request for proposals (RFP) was issued in July 1986 and two contractor teams, Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics and Northrop/McDonnell Douglas, were selected on 31 October 1986 to undertake a 50-month demonstration phase, culminating in the flight test of two prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23.
Each design team produced two prototypes featuring one of two engine options, one featuring thrust vectoring. The Pratt & Whitney F119 turbofan with vectored thrust permits a tighter turning radius, a valuable capability in dogfights. The ATF's increasing weight and cost drove out some features during development. A dedicated infra-red search and track (IRST) system was downgraded from multi-color to single color and then deleted, the side-looking radars were deleted and the ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a fresh design to the existing McDonnell Douglas ACES II.
On 23 April 1991, the YF-22 was then announced by Secretary of the U.S. Air Force Donald Rice as the winner of the ATF competition. The YF-23 design was more stealthy and faster, but the YF-22 was more agile. The aviation press speculated that the YF-22 was also more adaptable to the Navy's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), but the U.S. Navy abandoned NATF by 1992. In 1991, the air force planned to buy 650 aircraft.


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